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PL/SQL Static SQLStatic SQL is a PL/SQL feature that allows SQL syntax directly in a PL/SQL statement. This chapter describes static SQL and explains how to use it. Description of Static SQLStatic SQL has the same syntax as SQL, except as noted. Topics. Statements. These are the PL/SQL static SQL statements, which have the same syntax as the corresponding SQL statements, except as noted: SELECT (this statement is also called a query)For the PL/SQL syntax, see "SELECT INTO Statement". Data manipulation language (DML) statements: Transaction control language (TCL) statements: LOCKTABLE (for syntax, see Oracle Database SQL Language Reference)A PL/SQL static SQL statement can have a PL/SQL identifier wherever its SQL counterpart can have a placeholder for a bind variable. The PL/SQL identifier must identify either a variable or a formal parameter. In Example 6- 1, a PL/SQL anonymous block declares three PL/SQL variables and uses them in the static SQL statements INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. The block also uses the static SQL statement COMMIT. Example 6- 1 Static SQL Statements. DROP TABLE employees_temp. CREATE TABLE employees_temp AS. SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name. FROM employees. emp_id employees_temp. Free Oracle Magazine Subscriptions and Oracle White Papers: Oracle Insert Statements: Version 11.1: Basic Inserts: Single Column Table. Oracle update SQL Tips. Oracle Database Tips by Donald BurlesonMay 22, 2015. Download data into Excel Pivot tables; The Oracle 9i xmlagg function; Write a PL/SQL function; Let's look at each method to consolidate data from multiple table rows. 6 PL/SQL Static SQL. Static SQL is a PL/SQL feature that allows SQL syntax directly in a PL/SQL statement. This chapter describes static SQL and explains how to use it. · Data Manipulation. To manipulate Oracle data you can include DML operations, such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, directly in PL/SQL. If you want to use it in plain SQL, I would let the store procedure fill a table or temp table with the resulting rows (or go for @Tony Andrews approach). TYPE : = 2. 99. emp_first_name employees_temp. TYPE : = 'Bob'. emp_last_name employees_temp. TYPE : = 'Henry'. INSERT INTO employees_temp (employee_id, first_name, last_name). VALUES (emp_id, emp_first_name, emp_last_name). UPDATE employees_temp. SET first_name = 'Robert'. WHERE employee_id = emp_id. DELETE FROM employees_temp. WHERE employee_id = emp_id. RETURNING first_name, last_name. INTO emp_first_name, emp_last_name. DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE (emp_first_name || ' ' || emp_last_name). To use PL/SQL identifiers for table names, column names, and so on, use the EXECUTEIMMEDIATE statement, explained in "Native Dynamic SQL". Note. After PL/SQL code runs a DML statement, the values of some variables are undefined. For example. After a FETCH or SELECT statement raises an exception, the values of the define variables after that statement are undefined. After a DML statement that affects zero rows, the values of the OUT bind variables are undefined, unless the DML statement is a BULK or multiple- row operation. Pseudocolumns. A pseudocolumn behaves like a table column, but it is not stored in the table. For general information about pseudocolumns, including restrictions, see Oracle Database SQL Language Reference. Static SQL includes these SQL pseudocolumns: CURRVAL and NEXTVAL in PL/SQLAfter a sequence is created, you can access its values in SQL statements with the CURRVAL pseudocolumn, which returns the current value of the sequence, or the NEXTVAL pseudocolumn, which increments the sequence and returns the new value. For general information about sequences, see Oracle Database SQL Language Reference.)To reference these pseudocolumns, use dot notation—for example, sequence_name. CURRVAL. For complete syntax, see Oracle Database SQL Language Reference. Note. Each time you reference sequence_name. NEXTVAL, the sequence is incremented immediately and permanently, whether you commit or roll back the transaction. As of Oracle Database 1. Release 1, you can use sequence_name. CURRVAL and sequence_name. NEXTVAL in a PL/SQL expression wherever you can use a NUMBER expression. However: Using sequence_name. CURRVAL or sequence_name. NEXTVAL to provide a default value for an ADT method parameter causes a compilation error. PL/SQL evaluates every occurrence of sequence_name. CURRVAL and sequence_name. NEXTVAL (unlike SQL, which evaluates a sequence expression for every row in which it appears). Example 6- 2 generates a sequence number for the sequence HR. EMPLOYEES_SEQ and refers to that number in multiple statements. Example 6- 2 CURRVAL and NEXTVAL Pseudocolumns. DROP TABLE employees_temp. CREATE TABLE employees_temp AS. SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name. FROM employees. DROP TABLE employees_temp. CREATE TABLE employees_temp. AS. SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name. FROM employees. seq_value NUMBER. Generate initial sequence number. NEXTVAL. - - Print initial sequence number. DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE (. Initial sequence value: ' || TO_CHAR(seq_value). Use NEXTVAL to create unique number when inserting data. INSERT INTO employees_temp (employee_id, first_name, last_name). VALUES (employees_seq. NEXTVAL, 'Lynette', 'Smith'). Use CURRVAL to store same value somewhere else. INSERT INTO employees_temp. VALUES (employees_seq. CURRVAL. 'Morgan', 'Smith'). Because NEXTVAL values might be referenced. NEXTVAL values might not be stored in database. Use CURRVAL to specify record to delete. CURRVAL. DELETE FROM employees_temp. WHERE employee_id = seq_value. Update employee_id with NEXTVAL for specified record. UPDATE employees_temp. SET employee_id = employees_seq. NEXTVAL. WHERE first_name = 'Lynette'. AND last_name = 'Smith'. Display final value of CURRVAL. CURRVAL. DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE (. 'Ending sequence value: ' || TO_CHAR(seq_value). Cursors. A cursor is a pointer to a private SQL area that stores information about processing a specific SELECT or DML statement. The cursors that this chapter explains are session cursors. A session cursor lives in session memory until the session ends, when it ceases to exist. A session cursor that is constructed and managed by PL/SQL is an implicit cursor. A session cursor that you construct and manage is an explicit cursor. You can get information about any session cursor from its attributes (which you can reference in procedural statements, but not in SQL statements). To list the session cursors that each user session currently has opened and parsed, query the dynamic performance view V$OPEN_CURSOR, explained in Oracle Database Reference. Note. Generally, PL/SQL parses an explicit cursor only the first time the session opens it and parses a SQL statement (creating an implicit cursor) only the first time the statement runs. All parsed SQL statements are cached. A SQL statement is reparsed only if it is aged out of the cache by a new SQL statement. Although you must close an explicit cursor before you can reopen it, PL/SQL need not reparse the associated query. If you close and immediately reopen an explicit cursor, PL/SQL does not reparse the associated query. Topics. Implicit Cursors. An implicit cursor is a session cursor that is constructed and managed by PL/SQL. PL/SQL opens an implicit cursor every time you run a SELECT or DML statement. You cannot control an implicit cursor, but you can get information from its attributes. The syntax of an implicit cursor attribute value is SQLattribute (therefore, an implicit cursor is also called a SQL cursor). SQLattribute always refers to the most recently run SELECT or DML statement. If no such statement has run, the value of SQLattribute is NULL. An implicit cursor closes after its associated statement runs; however, its attribute values remain available until another SELECT or DML statement runs. The most recently run SELECT or DML statement might be in a different scope. To save an attribute value for later use, assign it to a local variable immediately. Otherwise, other operations, such as subprogram invocations, might change the value of the attribute before you can test it. The implicit cursor attributes are: SQL%ISOPEN Attribute: Is the Cursor Open? SQL%ISOPEN always returns FALSE, because an implicit cursor always closes after its associated statement runs. SQL%FOUND Attribute: Were Any Rows Affected? SQL%FOUND returns: NULL if no SELECT or DML statement has run. TRUE if a SELECT statement returned one or more rows or a DML statement affected one or more rows. FALSE otherwise. Example 6- 3 uses SQL%FOUND to determine if a DELETE statement affected any rows. Example 6- 3 SQL%FOUND Implicit Cursor Attribute. DROP TABLE dept_temp. CREATE TABLE dept_temp AS. SELECT * FROM departments. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p (. NUMBER. ) AUTHID DEFINER AS. DELETE FROM dept_temp. WHERE department_id = dept_no. IF SQL%FOUND THEN. DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE (.
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Su. SE 1. 1. 3 - man page for mdadm (suse section 8)Linux & Unix Commands - Search Man Pages. MDADM(8)MDADM(8)NAME. MD devices aka Linux Software RAID. RAID devices are virtual devices created from two or more real block devices. This allows. multiple devices (typically disk drives or partitions thereof) to be combined into a sin- . Some RAID levels include redundancy. Linux Software RAID devices are implemented through the md (Multiple Devices) device. Mdadm recovery and resync. 41 2013 State : clean, degraded Active. resync /dev/mdN /dev/sdX1 /dev/sdX1 mdadm: /dev/mdN has been started with 2. Unix Commands on Solaris Aix Hp Linux. which is Active Virtual Memory. This is synonym to say that mksysb creates a backup of the operating system. Mdadm(8) man page in the manual for linux - Linux 2.6. then the array is not started. If udev is active, mdadm does not create any entries in /dev but leaves. Currently, Linux supports LINEAR md devices, RAID0 (striping), RAID1 (mirroring), RAID4. RAID5, RAID6, RAID1. MULTIPATH, FAULTY, and CONTAINER. ![]() ![]() MULTIPATH is not a Software RAID mechanism, but does involve multiple devices: each device. New installations should not use md/mul- . Use the Device Mapper. FAULTY is also not true RAID, and it only involves one device. It provides a layer over a. CONTAINER is different again. A CONTAINER is a collection of devices that are managed as. This is similar to the set of devices connected to a hardware RAID controller. The set of devices may contain a number of different RAID arrays each utilising some (or. For example, two devices in a. RAID1 using the whole devices. The remaining three might have a. RAID5 over the first half of each device, and a RAID0 over the second half. With a CONTAINER, there is one set of metadata that describes all of the arrays in the. So when mdadm creates a CONTAINER device, the device just represents the meta- . Other normal arrays (RAID1 etc) can be created inside the container. Assemble. Assemble the components of a previously created array into an active array. Compo- . nents can be explicitly given or can be searched for. Build Build an array that doesn't have per- device metadata (superblocks). For these. sorts of arrays, mdadm cannot differentiate between initial creation and subsequent. It also cannot perform any checks that appropriate compo- . Because of this, the Build mode should only be used. Create Create a new array with per- device metadata (superblocks). Appropriate metadata is. A 'resync' process is started to make sure that the array is consistent (e. The array can be used as soon as it has been created. There is. Follow or Monitor. Monitor one or more md devices and act on any state changes. This is only meaning- . RAID1, 4, 5, 6, 1. RAID0 or Linear never have missing, spare, or failed drives, so there is. Grow Grow (or shrink) an array, or otherwise reshape it in some way. Currently sup- . ported growth options including changing the active size of component devices and. RAID levels 1/4/5/6, as well as adding or. Incremental Assembly. Add a single device to an appropriate array. If the addition of the device makes. This provides a convenient inter- . As each device is detected, mdadm has a chance to. If a CONTAINER is passed to mdadm in this mode, then any arrays within that con- . Manage This is for doing things to specific components of an array such as adding new. Misc This is an 'everything else' mode that supports operations on active arrays, opera- . Auto- detect. This mode does not act on a specific device or array, but rather it requests the. Linux Kernel to activate any auto- detected arrays. OPTIONSOptions for selecting a mode are. A, - -assemble. Assemble a pre- existing array. B, - -build. Build a legacy array without superblocks. C, - -create. Create a new array. F, - -follow, - -monitor. Select Monitor mode. G, - -grow. Change the size or shape of an active array. I, - -incremental. Add a single device into an appropriate array, and possibly start the array. Request that the kernel starts any auto- detected arrays. This can only work if md. Arrays can be auto- detected. MS- DOS partitions with partition. FD, and all use v. In- kernel autodetect is not recommended for. Using mdadm to detect and assemble arrays - - possibly in an. If a device is given before any options, or if the first option is - -add, - -fail, or. MANAGE mode is assumed. Anything other than these will cause the Misc. Options that are not mode- specific are. Display general help message or, after one of the above options, a mode- specific. Display more detailed help about command line parsing and some commonly used. V, - -version. Print version information for mdadm. Be more verbose about what is happening. This can be used twice to be extra- ver- . The extra verbosity currently only affects - -detail - -scan and - -examine. Avoid printing purely informative messages. With this, mdadm will be silent unless. Be less verbose. This is used with - -detail and - -examine. Using - -brief with. Be more forceful about certain operations. See the various modes for the exact. Specify the config file. Default is to use /etc/mdadm. If the config file given is partitions then nothing. DEVICE. partitions containers and will read /proc/partitions to find a list of devices to. If the word none. Scan config file or /proc/mdstat for missing information. In general, this option. MISC mode when using - -detail or - -stop, in. Declare the style of RAID metadata (superblock) to be used. The default is 0. The default can be overridden by. CREATE keyword in mdadm. Options are. 0, 0. Use the original 0. This format limits arrays to 2. Use the new version- 1 format superblock. This has few restrictions. The. different sub- versions store the superblock at different locations on the. K from the. start (for 1. Use the "Industry Standard" DDF (Disk Data Format) format defined by SNIA. When creating a DDF array a CONTAINER will be created, and normal arrays can. Use the Intel(R) Matrix Storage Manager metadata format. This creates a. CONTAINER which is managed in a similar manner to DDF, and is supported by. This will override any HOMEHOST setting in the config file and provides the iden- . When creating an array, the homehost will be recorded in the metadata. For ver- . sion- 1 superblocks, it will be prefixed to the array name. For version- 0. SHA1 hash of the hostname will be stored in the later half. UUID. When reporting information about an array, any array which is tagged for the given. When using Auto- Assemble, only arrays tagged for the given homehost will be allowed. See. below under Auto Assembly. For create, build, or grow. Specify the number of active devices in the array. This, plus the number of spare. Setting a value of 1 is. A value of 1. will then be allowed for linear, multipath, RAID0 and RAID1. It is never allowed. RAID4, RAID5 or RAID6. This number can only be changed using - -grow for RAID1, RAID4, RAID5 and RAID6. Specify the number of spare (e. Xtra) devices in the initial array. Spares can also. be added and removed later. The number of component devices listed on the command. RAID devices plus the number of spare devices. Amount (in Kibibytes) of space to use from each drive in RAID levels 1/4/5/6. This. must be a multiple of the chunk size, and must leave about 1. Kb of space at the. RAID superblock. If this is not specified (as it normally. This value can be set with - -grow for RAID level 1/4/5/6. If the array was created. The size can be given as max which means to choose the. This value can not be used with CONTAINER metadata such as DDF and IMSM. Specify chunk size of kibibytes. The default is 6. This is only meaningful for. RAID0, RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, and RAID1. Specify rounding factor for a Linear array. The size of each component will be. This is a synonym for - -chunk but high- . Linear as compared to other RAID levels. Set RAID level. When used with - -create, options are: linear, raid. Obviously some of these are synonymous. When a CONTAINER metadata type is requested, only the container level is permitted. When used with - -build, only linear, stripe, raid. Not yet supported with - -grow. This option configures the fine details of data layout for RAID5, RAID6, and RAID1. The layout of the RAID5 parity block can be one of left- asymmetric, left- symmetric. The default is left- symmetric. It is also possibly to cause RAID5 to use a RAID4- like layout by choosing par- . Finally for RAID5 there are DDF- compatible layouts, ddf- zero- restart. MAN page from Scientific Linux 6 mdadm- 3. Section: Maintenance Commands (8)Updated: Index. NAMEmdadm - manage MD devicesaka. Linux Software RAIDSYNOPSISmdadm [mode] < raiddevice> [options] < component- devices> DESCRIPTIONRAID devices are virtual devices created from two or morereal block devices. This allows multiple devices (typically diskdrives or partitions thereof) to be combined into a single device tohold (for example) a single filesystem. Some RAID levels include redundancy and so can survive some degree ofdevice failure. Linux Software RAID devices are implemented through the md (Multiple. Devices) device driver. Currently, Linux supports. LINEARmd devices,RAID0(striping),RAID1(mirroring),RAID4,RAID5,RAID6,RAID1. MULTIPATH,FAULTY,and. CONTAINER. MULTIPATHis not a Software RAID mechanism, but does involvemultiple devices: each device is a path to one common physical storage device. New installations should not use md/multipath as it is not wellsupported and has no ongoing development. Use the Device Mapper basedmultipath- tools instead. FAULTYis also not true RAID, and it only involves one device. Itprovides a layer over a true device that can be used to inject faults. CONTAINERis different again. ACONTAINERis a collection of devices that aremanaged as a set. This is similar to the set of devices connected toa hardware RAID controller. The set of devices may contain a numberof different RAID arrays each utilising some (or all) of the blocks from anumber of the devices in the set. For example, two devices in a 5- device setmight form a RAID1 using the whole devices. The remaining three mighthave a RAID5 over the first half of each device, and a RAID0 over thesecond half. With a. CONTAINER,there is one set of metadata that describes all ofthe arrays in the container. So whenmdadmcreates a. CONTAINERdevice, the device just represents the metadata. Other normal arrays (RAID1etc) can be created inside the container. MODESmdadm has several major modes of operation: Assemble. Assemble the components of a previously createdarray into an active array. Components can be explicitly givenor can be searched for. Build. Build an array that doesn't have per- device metadata (superblocks). For thesesorts of arrays,mdadmcannot differentiate between initial creation and subsequent assemblyof an array. It also cannot perform any checks that appropriatecomponents have been requested. Because of this, the. Buildmode should only be used together with a complete understanding ofwhat you are doing. Create. Create a new array with per- device metadata (superblocks). Appropriate metadata is written to each device, and then the arraycomprising those devices is activated. A 'resync' process is startedto make sure that the array is consistent (e. The array can be used as soon as it has been created. There is noneed to wait for the initial resync to finish. Follow or Monitor. Monitor one or more md devices and act on any state changes. This isonly meaningful for RAID1, 4, 5, 6, 1. RAID0 or Linear never havemissing, spare, or failed drives, so there is nothing to monitor. Grow. Grow (or shrink) an array, or otherwise reshape it in some way. Currently supported growth options including changing the active sizeof component devices and changing the number of active devices in. Linear and RAID levels 0/1/4/5/6,changing the RAID level between 0, 1, 5, and 6, and between 0 and 1. RAID 0,4,5,6, as well as adding orremoving a write- intent bitmap. Incremental Assembly. Add a single device to an appropriate array. If the addition of thedevice makes the array runnable, the array will be started. This provides a convenient interface to ahot- plugsystem. As each device is detected,mdadmhas a chance to include it in some array as appropriate. Optionally, when the- -failflag is passed in we will remove the device from any active arrayinstead of adding it. If a. CONTAINERis passed tomdadmin this mode, then any arrays within that container will be assembledand started. Manage. This is for doing things to specific components of an array such asadding new spares and removing faulty devices. Misc. This is an 'everything else' mode that supports operations on activearrays, operations on component devices such as erasing old superblocks, andinformation gathering operations. Auto- detect. This mode does not act on a specific device or array, but rather itrequests the Linux Kernel to activate any auto- detected arrays. OPTIONSOptions for selecting a mode are: -A, - -assemble. Assemble a pre- existing array.- B, - -build. Build a legacy array without superblocks.- C, - -create. Create a new array.- F, - -follow, - -monitor. Select. Monitormode.- G, - -grow. Change the size or shape of an active array.- I, - -incremental. Add/remove a single device to/from an appropriate array, and possibly start the array.- -auto- detect. Request that the kernel starts any auto- detected arrays. This can onlywork ifmdis compiled into the kernel - -- not if it is a module. Arrays can be auto- detected by the kernel if all the components are inprimary MS- DOS partitions with partition type. FD,and all use v. In- kernel autodetect is not recommended for new installations. Usingmdadmto detect and assemble arrays - -- possibly in aninitrd- -- is substantially more flexible and should be preferred. If a device is given before any options, or if the first option is- -add,- -fail,or- -remove,then the MANAGE mode is assumed. Anything other than these will cause the. Miscmode to be assumed. Options that are not mode- specific are: -h, - -help. Display general help message or, after one of the above options, amode- specific help message.- -help- options. Display more detailed help about command line parsing and some commonlyused options.- V, - -version. Print version information for mdadm.- v, - -verbose. Be more verbose about what is happening. This can be used twice to beextra- verbose. The extra verbosity currently only affects- -detail - -scanand- -examine - -scan.- q, - -quiet. Avoid printing purely informative messages. With this,mdadmwill be silent unless there is something really important to report.- f, - -force. Be more forceful about certain operations. See the various modes forthe exact meaning of this option in different contexts.- c, - -config=Specify the config file. Default is to use/etc/mdadm. If the config file given ispartitionsthen nothing will be read, butmdadmwill act as though the config file contained exactly. DEVICE partitions containersand will read/proc/partitionsto find a list of devices to scan, and/proc/mdstatto find a list of containers to examine. If the wordnoneis given for the config file, thenmdadmwill act as though the config file were empty.- s, - -scan. Scan config file or/proc/mdstatfor missing information. In general, this option givesmdadmpermission to get any missing information (like component devices,array devices, array identities, and alert destination) from theconfiguration file (see previous option); one exception is MISC mode when using- -detailor- -stop,in which case- -scansays to get a list of array devices from/proc/mdstat.- e, - -metadata=Declare the style of RAID metadata (superblock) to be used. Thedefault is 1. 2 for- -create,and to guess for other operations. The default can be overridden by setting themetadatavalue for the. CREATEkeyword inmdadm. Options are: 0, 0. Use the original 0. This format limits arrays to. It is also possible for there to be confusionabout whether the superblock applies to a whole device or just thelast partition, if that partition starts on a 6. K boundary. 1, 1. Use the new version- 1 format superblock. This has fewer restrictions. It can easily be moved between hosts with different endian- ness, and arecovery operation can be checkpointed and restarted. The differentsub- versions store the superblock at different locations on thedevice, either at the end (for 1. K fromthe start (for 1. Use the "Industry Standard" DDF (Disk Data Format) format defined by. SNIA. When creating a DDF array a. Install Windows 7 from USB Pen Drive Using Grub. Dos. How to Install Windows 7 from USB Pen Drive/External Hard Disk Using Grub. Dos Note**(Update: 1. January 2. 01. 1)**. Anyone explain what grub, grubfromdos and syslinux. all in one windows USB stick to save me. pro it loads files and then the windows 7 install screen. The below tutorial was written base on Multi. Boot. ISO. exe version 1. If you like this version(V1. Multi. Boot. ISOs- v. Latest version of Multi. Boot. ISO. exe is different than the version descripted in this tutorial. ![]() How to install GRUB2 on USB drive from within Windows - posted in Boot from USB / Boot anywhere: Hi All. I've spent a lot of time trying to do subj. To be more clear. Syslinux or grub? (self.archlinux). grub, syslinux, the windows boot manager/loader. but I've been using Syslinux extensively for my bootable USB drives. End of update: 1. January 2. 01. 1)**Quote: **(Update: 5th August 2. Here, in this quote, are some of the updated informations to this tutorial. Recently, in the early of July 2. Windows 7 Installation boot entry has been added into Multi. Boot. ISO. exe. We don't have to do it manually as described below. All you need to do is. Step 1: Download Multi. Boot. ISO, run and install it into your USB Pendrive/External Hard Disk. Step 2: As for fresh install, you only need to copy the following 3 file/directorys into the root directory of your USB(thanks for climbing for this info): bootmgr (file)boot (directory)sources (directory)Thats it. Reboot your computer from USB. Grub Install Windows 10This usually means a computer that was sold with Windows 7, Vista or Windows XP pre-installed. (of from a Live USB with 64-bit Ubuntu or Mint. Re-install Grub. I would like to install 2 completely independent instances of Windows XP. Install GRUB on NTFS. up vote 8 down. Using a GNU/Linux liveCD/USB and a valid-format. Multiple Windows installers on a USB. Now this can all be achieved pretty easily by using a combination of SYSLINUX and GRUB (you'll. Windows XP missing hal.dll. Then if nothing helps you can try the trick with installing syslinux. (And everything except Solaris and Windows XP. then chainloading to grub from syslinux. ![]() From the boot menu, choose Operating System Installers > Install Windows Vista/7. This Installation process of Windows 7/Vista will start. Good Luck.**End of Update 5th August 2. Requirements: 1. Multiboot. ISO > Install Grub. Dos easily into USB Flash Drive/External Hard Disk. Get it here: Boot Multiple ISO from USB (Multi. Boot USB) | USB Pen Drive Linuxor here: YUMI - Multiboot USB Creator (Windows) | USB Pen Drive Linux. Windows 7 DVD, ISO or Source Files. Notepad++ > To edit menu. Opening Syslinux to make a USB bootable? Can I Install grub on an USB and make it a rescue disk? 0. (erasing Windows) from usb. Tutorial How to build the Ultimate Bootable Custom USB Flash Drive with. usb using grub for dos #usb #windows xp. USB to replace my dozen or so Windows install. · Or if any of the reader found the way to include XP. Tips: Using Grub4Dos to Install Windows 7 from USB. Using Grub4Dos to Install Windows 7 from USB. Get it here: Notepad++ | Download Notepad++ software for free at Source. Forge. netor here: Download Notepad++ 5. File. Hippo. com. Lets Start. Step 1: Run Multiboot. Bootable Windows Xp Usb InstallISO, install Multiboot. ISO into your USB Storage Device(ie. External Hard Disk). This will install Grub. Step 2: Copy everything in Windows 7 Installation DVD into your USB storage. Step 3: Look for the file menu. External Hard Disk, edit it with Notepad++. Step 4: You'll be able to see the first 9 rows as below in menu. Code: # This Menu Created by Lance http: //www. Ongoing Suggested Menu Entries and the Suggestor are noted! NORMAL HIGHLIGHT HELPTEXT HEADING. FFFFFF. background=0. FFAdd in the below command lines after the above code: Code: title Install Windows 7. Done. The pendrive is ready to boot and install Windows 7. If you are confused and don't know how to edit menu. Notepad++, delete all the command lines and replace by the following command lines. Save the file and exit. Code: # This Menu Created by Lance http: //www. Ongoing Suggested Menu Entries and the Suggestor are noted! NORMAL HIGHLIGHT HELPTEXT HEADING. FFFFFF. background=0. FF. title Install Windows 7. The steps mentioned in this tutorial work with Windows Vista too. Install from Pendrive. Restart the computer. Configure BIOS to boot from Pendrive/External Hard Disk. A boot menu will appear. You will be able to see the boot option Install Windows 7. Use arrow key on keyboard to select Install Windows 7 and press enter. This will enter Windows Boot Manager, choose Windows Setup [EMS Enable] and the installation will start. Note. If you install Multi. Boot. ISO(Grub. 4Dos) in 2nd or 3rd partition of your external hard disk, you need to change all the (hd. Grub. 4Dos will treat your Pendrive/USB Hard Disk as 1st hard disk, but you have to define the path to 2nd or 3rd partition. For example: Install Multi. Boot. ISO(Grub. 4Dos) in 2nd partition=Code: title Install Windows 7. Install Multi. Boot. ISO(Grub. 4Dos) in 3rd partition. Code: title Install Windows 7. About Menu. lst. Menu. Grub. 4Dos. After install Multiboot. ISO into pendrive/External Hard Disk, it support for booting many OS or programs. There are many entries ready made by default after installing Multiboot. ISO. You may delete any of the entries if you don't need them. For more info about Multi. Boot. ISO, please visit: Boot Multiple ISO from USB (Multi. Boot USB) | USB Pen Drive Linux. Advantages of Using Pendrive to Install Windows 7. DVD will take 3. 0 minutes to install Windows 7but, Pendrive will take 1. Windows 7. (for USB 2. Advantages of using Grub. Dos. There are many several ways to install Windows 7 from USB Pendrive. Microsoft has officially released a software which can transfer Windows 7 DVD into pendrive. Winto. Flash is another software will do the same thing. However, these 2 software will only allow 1 OS at a time. But, by using Grub. Dos, many other bootable OS or Softwares (ie, Linux, Ubuntu, Ultimate Boot CD, Partition Wizard..) are supported in one single pendrive/External Hard Disk. To view the list of supported software, you may refer the official site of Multi. Boot. ISO. If the bootable software you owned is not listed, doesn't mean it is not supported. Besides installing Windows 7, you can make your USB become a Super System Maintenace & Emergency Rescue Tools. Windows cannot startup/lost partition/formated partition, reset or recover system/windows password, testing tools)Below are some of the highly recommended bootable software for System Maintenance & Emergency Rescue Tools: 1. Partition Wizard - Site - Download. Hiren's Boot CD - Site. Site. 2 - Download. Ultimate Boot CD - Site - Download. Windows 7 System Repair Disc - How to boot Windows 7 Repair Disc from USB using Grub. Dos. 5. Anti. Virus Rescue Disk (ie, AVG, Bitdefender, Avira).
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Instead of relying on third- party plug- ins or proprietary software. Web. RTC turns real- time communication into a standard feature that any web. Java. Script API. Delivering rich, high- quality, RTC applications such as audio and. APIs, and support for half a dozen new. ![]() ![]() Thankfully, the browser abstracts most of this. APIs. Media. Stream: acquisition of audio and video streams. RTCPeer. Connection: communication of audio and video. RTCData. Channel: communication of arbitrary. All it takes is a dozen lines of Java. Script code, and any web. That’s the promise and the power of Web. RTC! However, the listed APIs are also just the tip of the iceberg: signaling. Not surprisingly, the architecture and the protocols powering Web. RTC. also determine its performance characteristics: connection setup latency. In fact, unlike. all other browser communication, Web. RTC transports its data over UDP. However, UDP is also just a starting point. It takes a lot more than raw. UDP to make real- time communication in the browser a reality. Let’s take. a closer look. Standard under. construction. Web. RTC is already enabled for 1. B+ users: the latest Chrome and. Firefox browsers provide Web. RTC support to all of their users! Having. said that, Web. RTC is also under active construction, both at the. API level and at the transport and protocol levels. As a. result, the specific APIs and protocols discussed in the following. Standards and. Development of Web. RTCEnabling real- time communication in the browser is an ambitious. Web. RTC breaks away from the. As a result, the Web. RTC architecture consists of over a dozen. APIs, as. well as many different protocols and data formats required to make it. Web Real- Time Communications (WEBRTC) W3. C Working Group is. APIs. Real- Time Communication in Web- browsers (RTCWEB) is the IETF. Working Group responsible for defining the protocols, data formats. Web. RTC is not a blank- slate standard. While its primary purpose is to. IP (VOIP), various SIP clients, and even the public switched telephone. PSTN), just to name a few. The Web. RTC standards do not define. APIs, but they do try to. In other words, Web. RTC is not only about bringing real- time. Web to the telecommunications world—a $4. Not surprisingly, this is a significant development and. Web. RTC is much more than just another browser API. Audio and Video Engines. Enabling a rich teleconferencing experience in the browser requires. API. However, raw audio and video streams are also not. On the receiving end, the process is reversed, and the client must. In short, capturing and processing audio and video is. However, the good news is that Web. RTC brings fully. Figure 1. 8- 1), which take care of all. Figure 1. 8- 1. Web. RTC audio and video. The full implementation and technical details of the audio and video. To learn more, head to http: //www. The acquired audio stream is processed for noise reduction and echo. Finally, a special error- concealment. The video engine performs similar. All of the processing is done directly by the browser, and even more. Once all of this work is done, the web. HTML5 media APIs! The Media Capture and Streams W3. C specification defines a set of new. Java. Script APIs that enable the application to request audio and video. APIs to manipulate and. The Media. Stream object. Figure 1. 8- 2) is the. Figure 1. 8- 2. Media. Stream carries one or. The Media. Stream object consists of one or more individual tracks. Media. Stream. Track). Tracks within a Media. Stream object are synchronized with one. The input source can be a physical device, such as a microphone. The output of a Media. Stream can be sent to one or more. Java. Script code for. A Media. Stream object represents a real- time media stream and allows. All the audio and video processing, such as noise. However, the features of the acquired media stream are constrained. As a result, when requesting media streams in the. User. Media() API allows us to specify a. Rate: 3. 0 }. { facing. Mode: "user" }. navigator. User. Media(constraints, got. Stream, log. Error). Stream(stream) {. Selector('video'). URL. create. Object. URL(stream). function log. Error(error) { .. HTML video output element. Request a mandatory audio track. Request a mandatory video track. List of mandatory constraints for video track. Array of optional constraints for video track. Request audio and video streams from the browser. Callback function to process acquired Media. Stream. This example illustrates one of the more elaborate scenarios: we are. HD video! The. get. User. Media() API is responsible for requesting access to. The provided APIs also enable the application to manipulate. Further. once the stream is acquired, we can feed it into a variety of other. APIs. Web Audio API enables processing of audio in the browser. Canvas API enables capture and post- processing of individual. CSS3 and Web. GL APIs can apply a variety of 2. D/3. D effects on the. To make a long story short, get. User. Media() is a simple. API to acquire audio and video streams from the underlying platform. The media is automatically optimized, encoded, and decoded by the. Web. RTC audio and video engines and is then routed to one or more. With that, we are halfway to building a real- time. For a full list of capabilities of the Media Capture and Streams. APIs, head to the official W3. C. standard. §Audio (OPUS). Video (VP8) Bitrates. When requesting audio and video from the browser, pay careful. While the hardware. HD quality streams, the CPU and bandwidth. Current Web. RTC implementations use Opus and. VP8 codecs. The Opus codec is used for audio and supports constant and. Kbit/s of bandwidth. The good news is that the codec can switch seamlessly and adapt. The VP8 codec used for video encoding also requires 1. Kbit/s of bandwidth, and the bitrate depends on the quality of. FPS: 1. 0~2. 0 Mbps. FPS: 0. 5~1. 0 Mbps. FPS: 0. 1~0. 5 Mbps. As a result, a single- party HD call can require up to 2. Mbps of. network bandwidth. Add a few more peers, and the quality must drop to. CPU, GPU, and memory processing. Real- Time Network. Transports. Real- time communication is time- sensitive; that should come as no. As a result, audio and video streaming applications are. Similarly, applications must implement their own logic to. Timeliness and low latency can be more important than reliability. Audio and video streaming in particular have to adapt to the unique. Turns out we are very good at filling in the. Add some variable delays. The requirement for timeliness over reliability is the primary reason. UDP protocol is a preferred transport for delivery of real- time. TCP delivers a reliable, ordered stream of data: if an intermediate. TCP buffers all the packets after it, waits for a. By comparison, UDP offers the following "non- services". No guarantee of message delivery. No acknowledgments, retransmissions, or timeouts. No guarantee of order of delivery. No packet sequence numbers, no reordering, no head- of- line. No connection state tracking. No connection establishment or teardown state machines. No congestion control. No built- in client or network feedback mechanisms. Before we go any further, you may want to revisit Building Blocks of UDP and. Null Protocol. Services, for a refresher on the inner workings (or lack thereof). UDP. UDP offers no promises on reliability or order of the data, and. In effect. it is a thin wrapper around the best- effort delivery model offered by the. IP layer of our network stacks. Web. RTC uses UDP at the transport layer: latency and timeliness are. With that, we can just fire off our audio, video, and. UDP packets, and we are good to go, right? Well, not quite. We also need mechanisms to traverse the many layers of NATs and. UDP is the foundation for real- time communication in the browser, but. Web. RTC, the browser also needs a large. Figure 1. 8- 3) of protocols and services above it. Figure 1. 8- 3. Web. RTC protocol stack. ICE: Interactive Connectivity Establishment (RFC 5. STUN: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (RFC 5. TURN: Traversal Using Relays around NAT (RFC 5. SDP: Session Description Protocol (RFC 4. DTLS: Datagram Transport Layer Security (RFC 6. SCTP: Stream Control Transport Protocol (RFC 4. SRTP: Secure Real- Time Transport Protocol (RFC 3. ICE, STUN, and TURN are necessary to establish and maintain a. UDP. DTLS is used to secure all data. Web. RTC. Finally, SCTP and SRTP are the application protocols used to multiplex. ![]() Port Manteaux Word Maker. Port Manteaux churns out silly new words when you feed it an idea or two. Enter a word (or two) above and you'll get back a bunch of portmanteaux. For example, enter "giraffe" and you'll. Enter "south america" and "chess" and. 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